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TOPIC 2;-Mesolithic Age (Hunters and Herders),For UPSC and State Civil Services Examinations & OTHER COMPETITIVE EXAMS (ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA )

For UPSC and State Civil Services Examinations & OTHER COMPETITIVE EXAMS (ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA )

ANCIENT INDIA (COMPETITIVE EXAM)TOPIC 2;-Mesolithic Age (Hunters and Herders);-


The Mesolithic Age represents the inter medial stage in Stone Age Culture. Both Mesolithic and Neolithic Cultures belong to the Holocene era (which succeeded the Pleistocene era around 10,000 years ago). The Mesolithic man lived on hunting, fishing, food gathering, and in later stages, also domesticated animals. One of the key aspects of the Mesolithic Age was the reduction in size of well-established tool types. The characteristic tools of this age were microliths (miniature stone tools usually made of crypto-crystalline silica, chalcedony, or chert, both of geometrical and non-geometrical shapes). They were not only used as tools in themselves but also to make composite tools, spearheads, arrowheads, and sickles after hafting them on wooden or bone handles. Some of the other aspects of the Mesolithic Age are: 

  • Pottery is absent at most Mesolithic sites, but it is present at Langhnaj in Gujarat and in the Kaimur region of Mirzapur (UP).
  • The last phase of this age saw the beginning of plant cultivation.
  • The Mesolithic era initiated rock art in pre-history. In 1867, the primary rock paintings in India were discovered at Sohagighat (Kaimur Hills, UP). Now, over 150 Mesolithic rock art sites have been discovered across India, with rich concentration in Central India such as the Bhimbetka Caves, Kharwar, Jaora, and Kathotia (M.P.), Sundargarh and Sambalpur (Orissa), Ezhuthu Guha (Kerala). Animals dominate the scenes at most Mesolithic rock art sites. However, no snakes are depicted in Mesolithic Paintings.
  •  Burials and rock paintings give us ideas about the development of religious practices and also reflect the division of labour on the basis of gender.




Important Mesolithic sites are:


  • Bagor, Rajasthan on River Kothari is one of the largest and best documented Mesolithic sites in India.
  • Chhotanagpur Region, Central India. Both Adamgarh, M.P. and Bagor provide the earliest evidence for the domestication of animals.
  • South of River Krishna, Tinnevelly in Tamil Nadu.
  • Birbhanpur in West Bengal.
  • Sarai Nahar Rai, near Allahabad, Pratapgarh area.
  • Mahadaha, U.P., where bone artifacts are found, including arrowheads and bone ornaments. 


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